Revelations and Parkers Back Essay - 928 Words

Revelations and Parker’s Back nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The story â€Å"Revelations† by Flannery O’Connor portrays the character of Ms. Turpin as a very hypocritical Christian. It’s absurd how obvious she is in her view of society; it could not be less unchristian like. Her opinions towards other people and their intelligence are Ms. Turpin’s greatest flaw. â€Å"Parker’s Back† also written by Flannery O’Connor is just the opposite of Revelations, Parker spends his entire life trying to fill a void that has grown so deep inside him it becomes unbearable. His continual dislike and downgrading of Christianity plays into his problems even more. The stories have very unique approaches, both of which prove to be very intriguing.†¦show more content†¦Mrs. Turpin explains her views when she says â€Å"If its one thing I am, its grateful. When I think who all I could have been besides myself and what I got, a little of everything, I just feel like shouting.â€Å" Her character does not seem to be a very honest character; she puts on an act around everybody to make sure she can derive from them what she needs. A perspective on this from Dorothy T. McFarland in a formalist reading was that â€Å"O’Connor obviously felt that Mrs. Turpin’s belief in her own goodness was, if anything, more of an obstacle to the salvation of her soul that an outright commitment to evil.â€Å"(perspectives,409) She always seemed to think she was doing right, never seeing anything wrong until the end of the story. After being called a wart hog from hell she opens her eyes and sees the truth. A good way of understanding the symbolic ness of this is best put by Todd Heldt when they say â€Å"no amount of cleansing will ever change the essence, no amount of good work or intellectual justification will change the sinful nature of human beings.†(Browse) She was finally realizing the concept of her being a bad Christian. She finally comes to terms with her sense of herself. The other story â€Å"Parker’s Back† takes another unique route. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The character of Parker is that of an honest but sometimes deceiving lower class Negro. He is a very unintelligentShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Abraham Maslow in Life of Pi by Yann Martel1685 Words   |  7 Pagesreligion. He is already in the beginning phase of self-actualization until major tragedy of a shipwreck while on his way to Canada causes him to be stranded in the middle of the ocean with a tiger on a lifeboat. He is now left with only the clothes on his back and limited supply of food to savor until he is saved. 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Being able to rebound back takes resiliency, courage and faith. Only God knows how high someone will jump. It is up to the individual to decide to take the leap of faith and try again after life knocks themRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Odyssey 2311 Words   |  10 Pagesindicating that Troy s walls would never fall without the help of Philoctetes s magical bow – a weapon that once belonged to Hercules. As the play opens, Odysseus has therefore returned to the island – along with Neoptolemus – in order to retrieve the bow. This plan would allow Odysseus to leav e Philoctetes in his exile while still getting what he wanted. However, Neoptolemus views Odysseus plan as simple treachery and reveals all to Philoctetes. Upon discovering his old enemy s new need for his

Surprised By Joy By Lewis And Confessions - 1411 Words

Surprised by Joy by Lewis and Confessions by Augustine are not two works that are often analyzed side by side although they are both autobiographical and written by men greatly influential to the Christian faith. Since Confessions contains many different elements which Augustine explores to better understand the nature of God, this paper will focus on Augustine’s section â€Å"Happiness (Beatta Vita)† as compared and contrasted with Lewis’ chapters â€Å"Checkmate† and â€Å"Beginning†. A preliminary glance of these works may lead the reader to think that they are very similar, despite the differences in publishing time, Surprised By Joy was published in 1955, while Confessions was published in 398 AD. This is not entirely false, as both â€Å"Checkmate†, â€Å"Beginning† and â€Å"Happiness† are all largely focused on the relationship of God and joy and utilize a similar structure. Although Augustine and Lewis’ four-part structure initially appears complimentary because of similar themes, these structures contrast as a result of differing allegories. At first, Augustine and Lewis’ structural methods for â€Å"Happiness† and â€Å"Checkmate† seem similar. Both rely on a four-part structure in order to explain their process for understanding joy. The first part of Augustine’ structure is to place joy as a universal concept. This is because, in Augustine’s mind, joy is something that transcends all language and cultural barriers. Macdonald describes this first component of Augustine’ structure as â€Å"Everyone wants toShow MoreRelatedLanguage and the Destiny of Man12402 Words   |  50 Pagespicture of the solitary thinker, who retired for a time to a house in the Netherlands, and, clothed in his dressing gown, seated at the fireplace, looking undecided at a blank page, reflecting alone and writing down for several nights, almost as a confession, potential answers to his long deliberations on the existence on anything certain in the world of knowledge. This image probably appears to those who feel themselves filled with loneliness and the sheer freedom of metaphysical thought. It is asRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesrelevant details. The common metaphor here is that their audience will fail to see the forest because they’re being told to look at too many individual trees. Being Pseudoprecise The nineteenth-century American writer Mark Twain once said he was surprised to learn that the Mississippi River was 1,000,003 years old. He hadnt realized that rivers were that old. When asked about the 3, he answered with a straight face that three years earlier a geologist had told him the Mississippi River was aRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagescompetent managers tend to progress the most when engaging in skill development exercises, so don’t dismiss a skill just because you feel that it is an area of strength. We encourage you to take time to complete these assessment instruments. You will be surprised with what you learn if you complete them honestly and as accurately as you can. INTRODUCTION 19 Table 4 SECTION The Organization of Each Chapter CONTENTS Instruments designed to identify your current level of skill competency, your stylesRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pagesmarket-priced transactions between network components. For external networks, at one end of the spectrum are dynamic net-works that have lead companies that basically act as brokers, outsourcing virtually all activities to a changing set of companies. Lewis Galoob toys, with only 100 employees, provides an example of such a network that outsources manufacturing, design, development, distribution, and collection of accounts receivable. At the other end of the external spectrum are stable networks in which

Case Study of Child with Autism free essay sample

I became increasingly interested in Autism since I had the opportunity to work alongside kids with Autism this summer. Seeing how their minds worked and how they processed information was astounding to me. Ever since this experience, I have fallen in love with children with Autism and I am always thriving to learn more about them. With this being said, I am looking to do my research on a child with Autism. I will be looking into the question how does Autism affect language development in children? Under this broad topic I will be specifically looking into why their pragmatic language is impaired. To find my information I will interview my child’s parents. I will do my own observations both in the home and at school. Finally, I will research scholarly articles that are based off of good scientific research in my subject field. I want to become more informed about children with Autism and why their language development is impaired in the ways that it is. In doing so, I feel that I can become a more informed teacher which I can use to my advantage in my classroom. I will know how to make children with Autism that are in my class successful both in class and in social situations. Section 2: Research Article #1 Measuring Pragmatic Language in Speakers with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Comparing the Children’s Communication Checklist—2 and the Test of Pragmatic Language â€Å"1 in 165 children† (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 204). The number of children that are prevalent with some type of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) as stated by Joanne Volden and Linda Phillips. It is a statistic that is on the rise and highly debated. It is a statistic that greatly affects classrooms across the nation. And yet, how to we help these children to the best of our abilities? An aspect that is being highly overlooked is pragmatic impairments. Children with an ASD have a greater chance of having a pragmatic dysfunction than do ‘typical’ children (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 205). How do we help children that are having these issues? How do we even diagnose these types of Language Development impairments? This article points to two of the ways this is being done: The Test of Pragmatic Language and The Children’s Communication Checklist – 2. This article examines the validity of two tests: The Test of Pragmatic Language (TOPL) and The Children’s Communication Checklist – 2 (CCC – 2) (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 205). Each test was made to identify â€Å"pragmatic impairments† in children with high functioning ASD (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 205). The study identifies the difficulties that children with ASD have with pragmatic language –these children have â€Å"peculiar and out of place (communication) in ordinary conversation† (Rutter, 1965, p. 41); may â€Å"fail to develop (a) topic by contributing new, relevant information† among other minor things (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p.  204). Each test was developed to measure pragmatic dysfunctions in children so they may receive the support needed to thrive in everyday life. â€Å"Pragmatic language has proven (to be) difficult to assess†¦ (because) the (general) structure of formal testing procedures fails to capture f lexible adjustment to changing circumstances† (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 205). The TOPL test â€Å"samples a range of typically developing pragmatic behaviors† (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 205). The test compares students that have typical development pragmatic skills and students that have been diagnosed with high functioning ASD. The CCC-2, on the other hand is â€Å"designed to screen for clinically significant communication problem of any type and (identifies) pragmatic language impairments† (Phillips, Volden, 2010 p. 205-206). So while the CCC-2 does test of pragmatic language impairments it also screens for communication impairments as well. The TOPL test is scored using a summary score called the â€Å"Language Quotient† (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 207). The Language Quotient is expressed as a â€Å"standard score with a mean of 100 (SD = 15) (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p.  207). According to Phillips and Volden, Language Quotients of â€Å"70-79 are interpreted as poor, and quotients below 70 are interpreted as very poor† (2010, p. 207). The cutoff score indicating a pragmatic impairment in the child was designated as 79 (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 207). The CCC-2 on the other hand derives two composite scores that are interpreted allowing for a greater variety of information to be processed and taken into account while interpreting whether or not a child with high functioning ASD has pragmatic issues or not. These two composite scores are the GCC that is expressed by a standard score â€Å"with a mean of 100 (SD = 15) and the SIDI (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 207). If a GCC score is less than 80, it indicated a communicative impairment: not a pragmatic impairment (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 207). On the other hand, a negative SIDI score represents a pragmatic issue. â€Å"If the SIDI score is -15 or below Bishop (2003) suggests that pragmatic language impairment is present regardless of the GCC score (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 207). So what does all of this mean? It was shown that both tests can in fact show whether or not a child with high functioning ASD has an issue with pragmatics. But how valid are these tests? Both tests ended with different results. The TOPL test showed that â€Å"9 out of 16 students with ASD were pragmatically impaired† while the CCC-2 identified â€Å"13 out of the 16† (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 208). While it is known that students with ASD do in fact have pragmatic impairments is there a chance that not every student will have this type of impairment? It is hard to tell what test was more reliable in this situation for biases and cultural considerations were not taken into effect. However, it is a start. The article states that â€Å"the CCC-2 would be better at identification because the test included items designated to tap a broad range of pragmatic symptoms that are frequently reported as characteristic of ASD†¦. that would not occur in the course of typical development† (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 209). This study does prove to have a lot of vital information in regards to pragmatic dysfunctions in children with high functioning ASD. However, it does say that the study was small: â€Å"This study is limited by its small sample size and by restricting participation to those who had structural language scores within typical limits† (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 210). With that being said, it would not be reliable to extrapolate the information from this study to schools across the nation. This study only used children that were diagnosed as high functioning ASD. It would be important that other studies be done using children across the spectrum to see if the results were reliable. It would also be important to use other students with Intellectual Disabilities or even students that have been formally diagnosed with a Language Disorder to see how the validity of each test would withstand against these types of children. And although there is a lot that this study could have done further to prove their point, the information is still interesting and conclusive in its own regard. It is important that these types of tests continue to grow and evolve in our everyday world. If these tests can further prove to diagnose students with pragmatic impairments, it would be incredible in the world of teaching. Students with pragmatic impairments are being over looked and swept under the rug because they are not diagnosed as atypical in this aspect of Language Development. And while not all children with high functioning ASD have pragmatic impairments, there are large numbers of children that do exhibit these dysfunctions. As teachers, it is vital that these children, diagnosed with ASD or not, get the necessary treatment plans and resources to allow them to excel. Whether that be through an IEP or 504 plan, students need not be ignored because there is not a way to formally diagnose their language dysfunction. And while this article does state that the CCC-2 may be the better route to diagnose these children, it is important to use either the CCC-2 or the TOPL test rather than nothing at all as a start to diagnose a child. Once a child is assessed and diagnosed not only will that child be able to learn in the school setting but in the home setting as well. For although it may not always be good to label a child, having that label will allow for the child to have adequate and necessary treatment to allow for further success. Pragmatic dysfunctions, when treated early, can make a large impact on a child’s life. Growing up to know when the right time is to say certain things can be essential when trying to obtain a job or just talking in public. As teachers, these language issue needs to be taken into account more often and more seriously. Children are slipping through the cracks because teachers are uneducated as to how to formally diagnose and help these issues. Article #2 Brief Report: Pragmatic Language in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Relationships in Measures of Ability and Disability Pragmatic language is something that we use on a day to day basis whether we know it or not. Talking to a single person, talking to a group, or even listening to another person talk is all included in pragmatic language skills. Children, especially children with Autism, often lack pragmatic language. Children with Autism generally have more difficulties with pragmatic language than do any other children. If tested, they could even be diagnosed as having a pragmatic language dysfunction. Their speech is often considered â€Å"peculiar and out of place in ordinary conversations† and â€Å"irrelevant† (Bryson, Coolican, Garon, Volden, White, 2008, p.  388). â€Å"Pragmatics is consistently agreed upon as the domain that is specifically and universally impaired in Autism Spectrum Disorders† (Bryson, Coolican, Garon, Volden, White, 2008, p. 388). With this all being said, why is pragmatic language so often pushed to the side? Should pragmatic language be considered an important factor in considering a person’s long-term ability to function effectivel y in his or her community? Students with Autism may or may not have structural language difficulties paired with pragmatic language difficulties as well. Do structural language difficulties predict pragmatic language difficulties? This study that was done measured the â€Å"contributions of nonverbal cognitive and structural language skills to the prediction of pragmatic language scores† (Bryson, Coolican, Garon, Volden, White, 2008, p. 391). The study was done on â€Å"37 children aged 6-13 years who met the criteria of Autism/ASD† (Bryson, Coolican, Garon, Volden, White, 2008, p. 389). This study showed that pragmatic language, as measured by the TOPL, is strongly related to, but not dictated by, structural language. Structural language plays a part in pragmatic language, but it is not the driving force behind it. A student with Autism may have nearly perfect structural language but lack pragmatic language. Whereas another student may lack structural language and pragmatic language. Every student is different. These results simply state that structural language and pragmatic language are related in some way. How they are related, however, was not stated. The study also shows, as predicted, that if a child has better pragmatic skills, they were linked to fewer ASD communicative symptoms. Better pragmatic language was also linked to fewer symptoms in the social domain. These findings underscores how central the theme is between ASD symptoms and social communication. This study, done mostly on children with High-Functioning Autism, increases the evidence that children with Autism cannot help the way that they act in social settings. They cannot help that they can’t hold a conversation, among other things. Children with Autism are different: in a good way. Although they may not be able to communicate effectively and appropriately, they are so good at so many different things. Communication just happens to not necessarily be one of those things. This study has its flaws. The study should not be extrapolated to large groups, although the results are informative and interesting. The study was only done on a small sample size. The children that were selected â€Å"functioned within normal limits on most measures† (Bryson, Coolican, Garon, Volden, White, 2008, p. 392). Having a larger sample size with children of different ‘functions’ will prove to be more effective in showing the same results, assuming they will come out the same way. So, what is the point of this study? It can be stated that students with ASD have pragmatic language difficulties. It can be stated that students with ASD have structural language difficulties. It can be stated that these are intertwined within one another. But what does this all mean in the life of the child? How can this information better the life of a student wit ASD? The study suggests the importance of developing a â€Å"comprehensive (assessment) of pragmatic language to help document a person’s level of disability† (Bryson, Coolican, Garon, Volden, White, 2008, p. 392). With this information, professionals will be able to intervene in functional, community based contexts so students can develop social skills needed across all domains. Students will be able to grow individually to further their importance in their community. Should pragmatic language be considered an important factor in considering a person’s long-term ability to function effectively in his or her community? With the information given, all signs point to yes. Pragmatic language is an essential part in a student’s life. It allows students to function in everyday social situations. Students that lack pragmatic language are set back because of their inability to function ‘normally’. â€Å"It stands at the intersection of language and social skills, impairments central to defining features of ASD† (Bryson, Coolican, Garon, Volden, White, 2008, p. 391). Article # 3: Diagnostic Differences of Autism Spectrum Disorder s and Pragmatic Language Impairment Children with Autism are generally associated with having pragmatic language impairments. However, not all children that have pragmatic language impairments have Autism. So, along with difficulty in social communication settings, what else do these children have in common? Do children with Autism get labeled as having a pragmatic language impairments because they actually have a pragmatic language impairment or do their Autism symptoms overlap with those of pragmatic language impairments? Do children with Autism and children with pragmatic language impairments show comparable levels of behaviors associated with the ‘autism triad’ (Cornish, Frombonne, Reisinger, 2011, p. 1701)? The study sought out to answer these questions. The Autism triad is composed of three components. Component one involved the social and emotional aspect of development. Children with Autism in this area will have trouble with making friends, managing unstructured parts of the day, and working co-operatively. The second component is language and communication. Children with Autism will have difficulties in this area including difficulties understanding jokes and sarcasm, social use of language, literal interpretations, and body language and facial expressions. Finally, the third and final component of the Autism triad is flexibility of thought (imagination). In this area, children will struggle with coping with changes in routine and empathy. The study was done with â€Å"forty-one children with communication impairments aged 7-15 years† (Cornish, Frombonne, Reisinger, 2011, p. 1696). Each child was tested using both the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ). The purpose of these tests was to compare the scores of children with ASD and children with PLI. These tests would then show whether the children have comparable levels of behaviors associated with the autism triad. The diagnostic cut-off scores of each test were examined and measured. Overall, the results from the ADOS and SCQ showed that children with PLI have less severe impairments related to the autism triad as compared to children with ASD. However, the sub domains of these tests could not always differentiate between children with PLI and children with ASD in reference to their scores. When the combined measures were being used, it was possible to separate out the children with PLI and children with ASD that show signs of PLI.  7 cases could not be differentiated (Cornish, Frombonne, Reisinger, 2011, p. 1701). Therefore, it was concluded that using ADOS and SCQ alone were not strong predictors in differentiating between ASD and PLI. This study then goes on to support the theory that there are subtle differences between ASD and PLI. Children with PLI have â€Å"significant difficulties socializing† (Cornish, Frombonne, Reisinger, 2011, p. 1702). Because of these difficulties, ch ildren with PLI have an increased risk for problem behaviors related to Autism. The difficulties that these children have in relation to their socialization lead to an increased risk of frustration and anxiety, and in turn â€Å"an increase in expression of abnormal behaviors† (Cornish, Frombonne, Reisinger, 2011, p. 1702). This same relationship was not found in children with ASD. This may be due to the fact that children with ASD lack a sense of awareness of their surroundings and do not allow their surroundings to get to them in the way that children with PLI may. This is not true, however, of all children with ASD. This study examined children with ASD that were not diagnosed in having PLI. Children that are comorbid with ASD and PLI will experience the frustration, the anxiety, and the increased behaviors. Even some children that have ASD but not PLI could essentially still show these frustrations in social contexts. Looking back at the Autism triad after reading this article, children with PLI and children with ASD really only share equal difficulties in one area: language and communication. And not to say that this will always be what is shared amongst these two different diagnoses, but this is what will be most common amongst the two. The overlapping symptoms does not mean that children who have been diagnosed with PLI should also be diagnosed with ASD, but rather that they share common characteristics about their speech and communication, especially in social situations. Article #4 An Exploration of Causes of Non-Literal Language Problems in Individuals with Asperger Syndrome It is known that children with Autism show difficulties in pragmatic language. â€Å"One of the key features characteristic of individuals with high functioning Autism is a marked disruption to the ability to engage in social communication† (Martin McDonald, 2004, p.  311). The question that is never brought up, however, is why these children are at an increased risk for having pragmatic language difficulties. Article after article, case study after case study all talk about the signs and symptoms of pragmatic language impairments (PLI) in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). They talk about how to test for PLI and interv ention techniques that can prove to be beneficial for the child. This article explores what others do not: the why of pragmatic language. Knowing the cause of pragmatic language impairments in children should essentially lead to potential remedies to help treat children that are affected. There are two competing hypotheses that are correlated with pragmatic deficits. The first is Theory of Mind (TOM). This may be â€Å"the most prominent position on the causation of social communication in ASD† (Martin McDonald, 2004, p. 311). TOM encompasses the ability to form representations of â€Å"other individual’s mental states, and, furthermore, to use those representations to understand predict, and judge others’ utterances and behavior† (Martin McDonald, 2004, p.  312). The ability to infer mental states of another individual is pivotal in engaging in effective pragmatic communication. â€Å"Deficits in TOM have been observed in individuals with ASD across a range of age groups and IQ ability† (Martin McDonald, 2004, p. 312). The comprehension of non-literal language relies on a person ’s TOM capacity. Therefore, children with ASD who have difficulty understanding metaphors or irony in another person’s speech could essentially blame their lack of TOM. With a lack of TOM, children will not be able to communicate effectively with another person. Their speech will be egocentric and will lack empathy. The second hypothesis that is correlated with pragmatic deficits seen in children with ASD is the notion of weak central coherence (WCC). WCC is not as strong of a thesis as TOM is. WCC refers to how language is processed. It’s argued that, according to the WCC theory, â€Å"language is processed in a kind of fragmented isolation without reference to the social context in which it occurs† (Martin McDonald, 2004, p. 312). In accordance with WCC, children with ASD display difficulties when they interpret words according to the context of the sentence given. â€Å"WCC predicts that individuals with Autism should be impaired in their ability to achieve local linguistic coherence† (Martin McDonald, 2004, p. 313). Children with Autism are also less able to â€Å"draw coherence inferences, or themes across, a set of statements† (Martin McDonald, 2004, p. 313). While these two theories are seemingly informational and reliable, their validity is questionable. Therefore, a study was performed to establish validity among the two theories. â€Å"The primary aim of this study was to compare the competing theories of social interference† (Martin McDonald, 2004, p.  315). Two predictions were made about TOM and WCC: â€Å"If deficits in TOM underlie pragmatic ability, then deficits in social interference should be significantly associated with deficits in pragmatic ability. However, impairments in social inference making should not be associated with either general inference ability, or the ability to integrate perceptual information. If WCC underlies pragmatic ability, then the ability to organize perceptual details into meaningful wholes should be significantly associated with the ability to make pragmatic inferences. Furthermore, this ability should be related to the capacity to make general and social inferences, as both these abilities require the capacity of drawing together disparate sources of information to infer meaning† (Martin McDonald, 2004, p. 315). The results showed that â€Å"students with ASD were found to be impaired on both the mental inference questions and the non-mental control inference questions† (Martin McDonald, 2004, p. 325). Therefore, their difficulty with TOM reasoning extended from one activity to the next, whereas WCC was only seen a small portion of the activities performed. WCC was assessed and found to not be related to pragmatic language ability. However, this study was done solely on testing children on processing visual-spatial information. It is unclear and not studied whether WCC would play a role â€Å"in the processing of auditory verbal information† in accordance with pragmatic communication (Martin McDonald, 2004, p. 326). More research, of course, would have to be done to replicate the information done in this study. This small sample size that was used has limited power in showing the true difference between the two competing theories that are TOM and WCC. Furthermore, with more research, it could be shown what other types of language deficits are applicable using these explanations. Article #5: The Social Communication Intervention Project: A randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of speech and language therapy for school-age children who have pragmatic and social communication problems with or without autism spectrum disorder There has recently been a strong push to increase language therapy for students with Pragmatic Language Impairments (PLI). Pragmatic language is an underexplored field that has increasing numbers of diagnoses year to year. No real therapy is implemented in school systems for children that have PLI. â€Å"There is little robust evidence of effectiveness of speech-language interventions which target the language, pragmatic or social communication needs of these children† (Adams, Earl, Freed, Gailet, Green, Law, Lockton, McBean, Nash, Vail, 2012, p 233). This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of one particular type of language therapy aimed at children with PLI with or without Autism Spectrum Disorder. The aims of the study at hand were to â€Å"examine the effectiveness of an intensive manualized social communication speech and language intervention in improving language skills and observed pragmatic ability† (Adams, Earl, Freed, Gailet, Green, Law, Lockton, McBean, Nash, Vail, 2012, p 233). The study that was performed was a small-scale randomized controlled trial. The trial was aimed to compare the effects of Social Communication Intervention (SCIP) compared with treatment as usual (TAU) on a standardized language assessment. Children either received SCIP intervention or TAU intervention. The results then showed what type of intervention was more effective for children with PLI. Participants that received SCIP ceased all other intervention programs when they began this formal intervention program. Children that were receiving SCIP sat down for â€Å"16 to 20 individual face-to-face one hour sessions of intervention in school over the course of one school term† (Adams, Earl, Freed, Gailet, Green, Law, Lockton, McBean, Nash, Vail, 2012, p 236). Each child received an individualized intervention strategy that was derived from a manual as to ensure that intervention was consistent amongst all participants. Two specialist speech and language therapists and five specially trained therapy assistants delivered the experimental treatment. Children that received TAU continued with their regular/typical treatment that was being provided by their local speech and language therapy services. After the children had finished their intervention treatment plan for their pragmatic language impairment, they took the CLEF-4 to measure their general language ability. The participants also took a secondary outcome measure titled the Targeted Observation of Pragmatics in Children’s Conversation (TOPICC). The outcomes of the CLEF-4 along with secondary measures did not show a significant intervention effect for SCIP compared with TAU. The article does state, however, that â€Å"the overall conclusion provided in SCIP is effective at improving overall conversational quality in 6-11 year olds who have significant pragmatic and social communication needs compared with TAU† (Adams, Earl, Freed, Gailet, Green, Law, Lockton, McBean, Nash, Vail, 2012, p 242). These conclusions do not match the evidence that the study provides, however. This may be due to the fact that the children that were selected for this individualized intervention program were so diverse in their backgrounds and diagnoses. This sample was also small. Providing more research with a more consistent group may show results more of what the study intended. The amount of therapy was also constrained by the study. In reality, some of the children may have needed more or less therapy to achieve maximum potential. Although the results of the study were not consistent with the conclusion, the article does make some good points. More research must be done to show the effects of a structured individualized intervention program for students with PLI and ASD. With the increasing numbers of ASD diagnoses, PLI diagnoses soon too will be on the rise. Children deserve the best possible intervention and therapy needed, so why are children with PLI getting cut short of this due to lack of research? In the upcoming years, there is sure to be more done on this particular topic to ensure that students will in fact receive the treatment that they need. Section 3: Data Collection I had the opportunity to work with a student that I taught over the summer. ‘A’ is 8 years old and is in third grade. He is an energetic, fun, loving boy. A has Autism and trouble with his pragmatic language. Although A has never been formally diagnosed with a Pragmatic Language Impairment, it is evident that he shows the signs and symptoms. As discussed in the interview paper, A’s mother does not want him to be diagnosed with PLI for she does not want him to have another label on top of the others he already has. As I mentioned, I observed A first over the summer while I taught him at a camp which was for students with Autism and social difficulties. At first, A was a quiet and compliant student for the first week or so. However, I later found out he was only testing the waters. After A felt comfortable in the classroom, he swore on a regular basis, had social outbursts, never raised his hand, etc. A went from being an angel to one of the most difficult children in the classroom. I was baffled as to what we were supposed to do. On a regular basis, A was talking out of turn and was talking in ways not appropriate for students of his age. I also observed that A, when talking with a peer, did not allow his peer to engage in a conversation with him. It was a one-sided conversation, all with A talking. After talking to A’s mother about our concerns, I, along with my other classroom staff members, came up with a positive behavior plan that A used in his classroom and at home. I distinctly remember A’s mother telling us that she was so sorry that he was acting the way that we was and that it was probably because he wasn’t in his typical routine. I also remember her telling us that once we put into action this behavior plan that his pragmatic language difficulties would slightly decrease. And, just like she had promised, they did. A still swore when he was frustrated but instead of condemning him for this, we applauded him for using his words to communicate. However, we then asked him why he would use the words that he chose and once he calmed down we would ask him if he felt those words were appropriate for the context he used them. We would then brain storm together ideas of words that he could use instead of the swear words (or even inappropriate words). We would then replay the situation and A would use the words that were brainstormed rather than the original words that he chose. Another thing we began to do, not just with A, but with all of our children in our classroom was to use a tennis ball when having a conversation. We encouraged the children to pass the tennis ball back and forth when they were talking with one another to discourage one sided conversations. We told the children that they should not have the tennis ball the whole time they were talking and that you could only talk for long sentences if you had the tennis ball in your hands. We saw a great improvement not only in A’s conversations but in the conversations in all of the children as well. Along with my experiences with A over the summer, I got to see A in his classroom this year. Although I only got to spend a little over two hours with him, I saw a lot of the same techniques used over the summer in his classroom here as well. I think this is because of what his mother said to us over the summer: A does well with a consistent routine. The thing that I found interesting about A in his classroom is that his Therapeutic Support Staff (TSS) was the one who would talk to A if he had an outbreak. I am sure that this is because the teacher does not always have time to sit down and talk to A individually, but I personally feel that it is important to help shape A’s pragmatic language. Finally, I observed A in his home as well. I feel that A acts different in his home than in school because he knows how to push his mom and dad’s buttons. They of course use the same techniques in the classroom as they do at home. However, they are more firm with him. They expect a lot out of A. It is extremely evident that they love and care for him and they only want the best for him. That is why they have gone to such extreme measures to make him be as successful as possible in regards to his pragmatic language. (Checklist Attached from Observation) Section 4 Interview A=Student Where do you see (student) have the most difficulties with pragmatic language (i. e. in the classroom, at home, out in public)? -We feel that A has the most trouble with his pragmatic lang

Sigmund Freud’s -The Future of an Illusion Essay Example

Sigmund Freud’s -The Future of an Illusion Essay The Future of an Illusion is a book about religion written by Sigmund Freud, in the year 1927.   This book gives us the idea of some of the future studies conducted by Freud.   He begins his book by giving 2 characteristics of human civilization (vol. 1, pg. 1).   He speaks about the knowledge and technology developed to organize and exploit the natural resources, and developed society for fulfilling human requirements (vol. 1, pg. 2).   Human civilizations have also developed certain regulations to maintain a proper relationship between one another.   Human beings depend on one another, and the extent to which relationships can develop depends on the degree to which the natural wealth can satisfy instincts.   An individual can function as labor or as an object of sexuality for another individual.   In spite of civilization being an object of universal interest, each individual is potentially an enemy of civilization.   Civilization may have to defend itself from the individual and regulations need to be formed (vol. 1, pg. 6).   Freud feels that civilization should be based on coercion and renunciation of instinct.   Human beings contain a lot of destructive thoughts, thus anti-social behavior will arise.   This is capable of determining the behavior of a number of people.   Freud began to think of the extent to which it was possible to control instincts so as to restrict people.   However, he felt that is was very difficult to control a majority by a minority, who knows how to attain the methods to power and force (vol. 1, pg. 7).   Freud considers groups to be lazy and irresponsible and felt that certain individuals who could set examples could act as a leader for the group.   He was capable of performing the work necessary to maintain civilization.   Freud felt that humans instinctively did not like work and did not consider moral or intellectual issues against drives or passions (vol. 1, pg. 8).   In general humans functio n in accordance with their instincts and desires. Freud considered that since instincts were not satisfied by privation and frustration from human life, they had to be re-compensated.   He distinguishes between privations that affect everyone, and those that affect certain groups, classes and individuals.   Privations that affect individuals developed even before civilization, and are characterized by prohibitions formed when humanity began to detach itself from the animal condition.   These prohibitions are still existent (in the form of cannibalism, lust for destruction, etc) and are creating hostilities in civilization (vol. 2, pg. 10).   Freud felt that the Super ego has developed from social prohibitions.   Some people have become vehicles, rather than opponents, with influence from the super ego.   Cultures that have adopted prohibitions were secure (vol. 2, pg. 10).   Freud feels that the under-privileged classes of the society will envy the more favored ones.   This class will do whatever possible to free the mselves from their privation.   This could lead to dangers in civilization.   Hence, presence of under-privileged classes will always create hostilities in the society. We will write a custom essay sample on Sigmund Freud’s -The Future of an Illusion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sigmund Freud’s -The Future of an Illusion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sigmund Freud’s -The Future of an Illusion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to Freud, civilizations are existent to protect us from nature.   However, nature is not under the control of civilization.   Freud feels that civilizations have still protected us from powerful forces such as terror.   Freud tries to personalize nature in order to demonstrate its power (vol. 3, pg. 16).   He considers that the forces of nature are converted in gods and goddesses as they have a paternal influence on humanity.   Gods have three tasks, namely reconciling humanity to the cruelty of fate, exorcising the horrors of nature and have to compensate human sufferings, and privation condemned by civilization.   However, with time these Gods and Goddesses have developed a role beyond nature.   Humanity now considers that Gods and Goddesses should protect us from the evils of civilization and reduce our suffering inflicted on one another.   Such human ideas of divinity protect against the dangers of nature and fate and from the evils existing in society i tself.   Freud considers that death is a new kind of existence that takes us to a higher form (vol. 3, pg. 19). Freud feels that religious ideas develop as a need to defend us from the superior forces of nature.   He also feels that another motive from the deficiencies of civilization inherent from religious beliefs is created (civilization may hand over ready made ideas to the individuals).   The individual in such circumstance may be incapable of discovering their inner selves (vol. 4, pg. 21). Freud considers religious ideas as teaching about the reality, which an individual has not yet discovered.   Religious beliefs have three characteristics, namely they ought to be believed (as they have been by our ancestors), evidence has been reported by our ancestors and questions against religious beliefs are forbidden.   Many people have doubts about religious beliefs, but pressure imposed upon them has suppressed their urge to ask questions (vol. 5, pg. 27).   Freud has also attempted to justify religious viewpoints in two ways.   The first one was being followed by the early Christian church and is beyond human reasoning (truth should be felt inside and cannot be explained or understood).   In the second one, Freud says that human thought activities include a number of hypotheses which may be baseless, but due to certain reasons we begin to believe as if these fictions were true. Freud believes that regarding the psychical origin of religious ideas, humanity has adopted them and they have become our strongest and oldest desires.   He feels that they are illusions or desires to protect us from the forces of nature.   He considers that illusions arise from mistakes made in fulfilling desires.   Since illusions are derived from human desires, they may seem like psychic delusions.   This may differ from religious illusions in their association with reality and falseness (delusions oppose reality, whereas illusions need not always oppose reality).   A belief may become an illusion when in trying to fulfill a wish from motivation, are unable to do it due to the reality situation (vol. 6, pg. 31).   Hence most religious concepts are illusions as no individual can be forced to believe them, nor can the concepts be proved or disproved.   However, no one can be forced to disbelieve a religion. Freud also considers that many other illusions exist in nature, which through unwritten rules are forbidden to talk about.   Freud considers that religion has done a lot of benefits for the society by calming antisocial instincts (vol. 7, pg. 37).   Many people have benefited from the fact that religion ruling civilization, and no wants to change it because they are satisfied.   However, some people are unhappy with civilization and are trying to alter it.   They may try to isolate themselves from society.   Science has made advancements such that religion may not affect so much as it previously did. Freud feels that the insecurities of life have has united society and has prevented one from killing another.   This is how justice and punishment has developed.   By killing somebody we are really going against cultural prohibitions and against God’s intentions (vol. 8, pg. 40).   God has become a part of human culture, that it is very difficult to separate God (as rules are differing in nature suggest human insufficiency).   It would be better to remove God from the cultural system and consider it to be a kind of human origin for all rules and regulations of civilization.   Freud says that such rules have been recognized to serve us; hence we tend to blindly accept them, and aim for improving them rather than eliminating them.   Freud considers this to be a step-forward in the road of civilization (vol. 8, no. 41). Freud points out that just as a child while entering into adulthood, enters into a some form of neurosis (due to suppression of instincts), in the same way humanity has gone through several stages including neurosis (includes human ignorance and weakness of the mind), such that sacrifice of certain instincts was necessary for existence of the society.   In the same way, religion developed out of universal neurosis (an association with our father).   Believe in these universal neurosis safeguards believers who have high chances of developing neurotic disorders. Some feel that Freud’s ideas of not believing in God are dangerous to civilization.   Besides obedient followers to religion are being considered as neurotics.   However, Freud feels that his ideas are harmless and no believer would let go of his or her faith.   Freud feels that intellectual weakness may often be due to religious education (vol. 9, pg. 46).   He also considers that a religious believer would not let go off his beliefs easily, either through arguments or prohibitions (vol. 9, pg. 49). Freud feels that in the long-run religious concepts will be disregarded, even if the initial attempts fail.   This is because reason and experience would survive the test of time.   He considers that science has the power to gain more knowledge of the reality, thus increasing our forces.   If we tend to consider that such beliefs are illusions, then it would be like considering some untrue beliefs.   Science is able to prove several things about reality through evidence.   Scientific evidence can be tested in nature, and would evolve if proven false.

buy custom Stem Cell Research Should be Allowed to Give Room to Scientists to Perform More Research essay

buy custom Stem Cell Research Should be Allowed to Give Room to Scientists to Perform More Research essay Stem cells can be obtained either from the embryo or an adult. These cells are then nurture in the laboratory by scientists for various usages because of their ability to differentiate into different cells and tissue replenishment tendencies (Monroe, Miller. Tobias, 2008). Moreover, stem cells whether adult or embryonic are first unspecialized and can replenish themselves through cell division and secondly, can easily germinate into specific organs and tissues under certain physiological or experimental process. Based on the adverse scientific knowledge on cell physiology, stem cell characteristics and continued need for scientists to offer solution on various challenges affecting humanity, stem cell research should be allowed for research firms as it has the opportunity to cure many prolonged diseases, helps researchers to develop stronger human body, and discover new medical treatments. It sounds as a relief to a multitude of patients all over the world suffering from many disease s and conditions. For a very long time, scientists have carried out research on biological issues. One of the new developments in such studies is the invention of new biology in 1970s (Panno, 2004). This process entailed the use of biotechnology to study the cell. Ideally it could be cited that prior to biotechnology, scientists new very little about the cell structure and function (Panno, 2004). With insights on the cell, more research and enquiries in cell technology became relevant to scientists thereby giving rise to animal cloning, stem cell and gene therapy. This marked the genesis of stem cell research that has found usage in various avenues irrespective of controversies surrounding it. Stem cell research should be allowed for research firms as it has the opportunity to cure many prolonged diseases. Such research is meant to improve peoples lives byfinding treatment for a wide range of diseases especially those resulting from failure of human body cells function (Panno, 2004). Presently, many people are suffering from chronic diseases which have resulted to lose of hope. However, scientific research shows that over 100 million persons which chronic diseases can benefits from therapies that are based on stem cell (Monroe, Miller. Tobias, 2008). Some of the diseases where stem cells have been applied include cancer, diabetes cerebral palsy and others. In addition stem cell therapies that utilize bone marrow and umbilical cord have successfully been utilized to treat blood disorders and human immune system (Dick, 2009). Secondly, the human body is continuously undergoing the process of tear and wear of different cells thereby calling for continued replenish (Dick, 2009) Stem cell research should be promoted because it is only through this research that scientists will get an opportunity to develop new cells, tissues, or organs that can be used to replenish cells that would otherwise be dead thereby enhancing development of stronger human body. For instance, scientists anticipate that stem cells research will offer treatment to injured tissues and organs, replace on insulin producing cells. Not only will the treatment develop human bodies, but also the research will help to improve livestock and other aspects of human life (Panno, 2004). Stem cell research should be promoted in scientific research because it will lead to discovery of new medical treatments. So far there are varied proofs of stem cell research treatments. Among the diseases where stem cell research has been applied is in the treatment of diabetes, brain diseases like Parkinsons, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and other therapeutic diseases (Panno, 2004). Based on such success, it iis evident that scientists will still engage in stem cell research with a mission to search and discover other possible functions of stem. This will definitely unearth some treatment that are still hidden and eventually restore the smile of good health to humanity Despite numerous successes in the usage of stem cell research, the process has been surrounded by opposition from all walks of life; religious, moral, ethical and also political views. It is largely believed that using embryonic stem cell research is tantamount to killing a life to save another persons life. That is, embryonic stem cells come from the embryo which is believed to be an unborn child. According to Ho (2008), it is wrong to destroy human life for any reason. This is because embryos are human and that means human beings are used as medication for other humans. The embryonic stem cell research has been long debated politically and socially to involve the destruction of human embryo (Frankel, 2000). Whereas stem cell research has been supported by many bodies as a means of allowing scientists to conduct research and offer solutions to various acute disease and problems surrounding humanity, the controversies surrounding the practices is something that cannot be ignored. Ethical moral, religious and some other bodies opposed to the practice arguments holds much water because every human being developed out of the clumps of primordial cells; stem cells. However, those opposed to the practice argue that stems cells have not attained the human capacity and can therefore be used to save lives. Actually, there is sense in all the two cases and therefore there needs to be a balance on stem cell research especially on how the cells are acquired so as to eliminate the feeling of guilt and moral injustice to both the donor and the either the embryo or the adult stem cell. Buy custom Stem Cell Research Should be Allowed to Give Room to Scientists to Perform More Research essay

Download Your Resume on LinkedIn

How to Easily Upload/Download Your Resume on LinkedIn Need to add your resume to your LinkedIn profile? Or need to convert your LinkedIn to a workable resume? Have no fear! Here are easy steps you can follow to do either without any trouble. Put Your Resume on  Ã‚  LinkedInIf you sign into your account, then select the Profile menu from the bar at the top, there is an option to Edit, and then from those extended options, the option to Import Resume. A pop-up will give you a chance to select your file (up to 500kb: either .doc, .pdf, or .html).In the Review Experience and Education interface, you can populate the fields and tweak the information as you need. Then simply save your changes with the botton at the bottom†¦. and voila!Make a Resume from a LinkedIn ProfileOne option for converting your LinkedIn profile to a gorgeous resume is the program Resumonk. It takes only a few minutes and two simple steps.1. Download your profile as a PDF. Click on the Me link at the top, then View Profile. There’s a more icon (â€Å"â₠¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) in the top section of your profile, click that and then select Save to PDF. That’s that!2. Upload your PDF. If you already have a Resumonk account, simply log in and get started. Otherwise, sign up! If you have an existing resume saved to Resumonk, you can click the Edit button on the dashboard beside it. Otherwise select Create a New Resume. On the next page, there’ll be a button at the top called Import from LinkedIn. This will take you to another page where you can upload your new PDF.Use the Preview Customization page to change the template, fonts, colors, spacing, etc. Then click Save Design Page Settings.b You can continue to edit your resume, or download it when you’re ready by selecting the download (in .pdf or .docx format) function.You can also use Resume Builder, which was created as part of LinkedIn Labs and also lets you choose a template, or edit/view in Outline form. Or DoYouBuzz, which is a very user-friendly website with both free and paid plans, giving you tons of template options and is a very smooth process as well.

Homeland Security - Predaredness & Prevention Assignment - 4

Homeland Security - Predaredness & Prevention - Assignment Example Such trainings/exercises are significant to attain a collective goal or objective since it provides opportunity to identify areas of strengths and weaknesses that can be corrected before an actual incident of the same kind occurs (US Department of Homeland Security, n.d.) These exercises or training will enhance preparedness in all first responders who in any situation will normally commence on the same footing, hence making them aware on how to respond effectively to small, medium and large-scale emergencies (US Department of Homeland Security, n.d.). Equally crucial to first responders is being provided with reliable information or data regarding a certain emergency or mishap. This being the case a solid and dependable system of information from all credible sources is needed to determine the actions that must be taken. This entails having a common and ultimate goal for all the responders so a consistent and unbiased approach is drawn from technical and other collection efforts (Th e Provisions of Executive Order 12333, 1981); which will however require all heads of the executive branch departments and agencies to submit timely responsive information necessary to effect programming and budgeting that will sustain the flow of reliable information for appropriate action implementation (The Provisions of Executive Order 12333, 1981). The Provisions of Executive Order 12333. (1981, December 4). Executive Order 12333 – United States Intelligence Activities. Retrieved from

Analysis and Meaning of Dante Gabriel Rossettis The Bocca Baciata Essay

Analysis and Meaning of Dante Gabriel Rossettis The Bocca Baciata - Essay Example Bocca Baciata can be said to the beginning of Rossetti’s shift in terms of style and medium in his paintings that later became the signature of his work. Bocca Baciata marked Rossetti’s beginning of painting singular female figures that evoke seduction and earthly pleasure. According to a fellow cofounder of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood William The painting, just like Rossetti’s previous painting bore inscription that wrote; Bocca baciata non perde ventura, anzi rinnova come fa la luna. ‘The mouth that has been kissed does not lose its savour, indeed it renews itself just as the moon does2 II. Evolution of Dante Gabriel Rossetti as an Artist To fully understand, appreciate and decipher the meaning of Bocca Baciata on how it relate to Rossetti, it would be necessary to understand Rossetti as an artist to contextualize the meaning of the Bocca Baciata and fully understand the painting in the process. Rossetti as an artist did not employ a single theme in hi s works although the nature of his subjects primarily centred on women. His subject (the female) and how they were depicted evolved and it served as a mark on Rossetti’s growth and maturity as an artist and this has a significance in understanding Rossetti’s final paintings (Bocca Baciata was one of them) that became the signature of Rossetti’s work. ... hift of style is significant because Rossetti was not only one of the most accomplished artists during his time but also cofounded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood which was a movement towards a particular painting style of stressing the importance of nature3. Bearing in mind Rossetti’s involvement with the Pre-Raphaelite movement is important because Rossetti’s later works that include the Bocca Baciata was still assessed under the standard of the artistic style of the brotherhood of whom he cofounded even when he attempted to depart from it. This resulted to the harsh criticism of his later works that led many critique of the Victorian painting to judge that the best of Rossetti’s works were those whom he had painted earlier. a. The first phase (from 1848 to 1853) The female has always been a central subject among Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s work. This was already evident from his very first public artwork which was The Girlhood of Mary Virgin. What differed from Rossetti’s later work such as the Bocca Baciata is not how the subject changed but rather, on how the rendering of the subject shifted. Bocca Baciata can be said to be similar with Rossetti’s first major work The Girlhood of Mary Virgin in many aspect although not necessarily on how the women were depicted. Bocca Baciata was Rossetti’s first work that marked his shift in terms of rendering the female while The Girlhood of Mary Virgin was Rossetti’s first work that made him prominent in having the female as subjects. Rossetti as an artist during the first evolution of his works can be likened to the growth of a boy to a man where the perspective about the female change as the boy grows to puberty and become a man. In The Girlhood of Mary Virgin, Rossetti’s boyish and impressionable nature was

Humanities and Postmodernism Essay Example for Free

Humanities and Postmodernism Essay In discerning a relationship between the Postmodern Portal and the Green Man, one finds a bridge that connects the past, present, and future. The lackluster color and repetitive patterns of the Green Man symbolizes antiquity or the times of yore. On the other hand, the vibrant and compound nature of the Postmodern Portal symbolizes how one, at present time, looks at the possibilities inherent in the future and prepares to face the challenges brought about by changes and transformations signaled by the shifting of time from present time to the future. The spotlight directed to the man in the Postmodern Portal seems to place the viewer within the context of the present. The walls and the arch symbolizes man’s entry to the future, while the archaic designs on the walls and the scattered stones on the ground represents how the present will soon be a past as man moves on to the future. The gesture of the man, holding a sword courageously illustrates how people in this generation are prepared to face the challenges and difficulties that come with change through the passage of time and the coming of the future. Moreover, this particular gesture seems to express how man has continually been able to conquer the present, which is significant in allowing him to face the future. Framing the relationship between the Postmodern Portal and the Green Man and developing a perceptive interpretation on the inherent symbols and illustrations embedded within these pieces of art are highly significant in understanding postmodernism, particularly reconstructive postmodernism. Reconstructive postmodernism has been described in the lecture as something that is fundamental to achieving a higher humanity. This is because this particular concept perceives that understanding human conditions, through significant interpretation of the past and the present, are highly significant in determining how the future would be like for man. Moreover, in knowing these things, man will be able to understand himself because of his knowledge of where he came from, where he is at present time, and where he is heading, leading him to achieve a sense of self that allows him to conquer the course of life and the past, present, and future of the human race. Indeed, achieving higher humanity does adhere to the principle upheld by the Northern Arizona University, that â€Å"to be educated is to become more human. † The plot perceived within the links connecting the Postmodern Portal and the Green Man places the past, the present, and the future side by side. This particular concept is inherent in the works of Robinson Jeffers. In one of Jeffers’ poem, â€Å"To the Stone-Cutters,† he sought to concede to the inescapable passage of time which would inevitably fragment the life of man into the past, the present, and the future. Moreover, in â€Å"Continent’s End,† Jeffers was able to convey the importance of remembering the past, especially how man came to be in this planet, in order for us to re-evaluate how we changed and are changing in order for us to reconstruct a much better future that is free from pride that abounds from self-righteousness and bitterness. The symbolisms of humanity in Remedios Varo’s works are more explicit, owing to how she was able to capture significant and discernible meanings through her artistry. Varo’s paintings, particularly in the â€Å"Discovery of a Mutant Geologist† and the â€Å"Creation of Birds† illustrate a fusion of the past, the present and the future. The pictorial landscape signifies the unpretentious nature of the past, the involved disposition of the present, and the avant-garde quality of the future. It may be observed how the setting chosen by Varo in the â€Å"Discovery of a Mutant Geologist† was a testing site for nuclear weapons before. The painting shows how the site looked like in the past but how we differently view at present time due to man’s perceptions of war, and how continuing human activities that are labeled as destructive reaching the level of how war is unconstructive will affect how man will change or metamorphose in the future. Varo’s paintings also link how the past, the present, and the future are interrelated, and that in seeking to understand these links or relationships, man will be able to view how he has acted to shape the course of events leading to the present and determine how he will be able to act with purpose and significance to lead a better future for the human race.

Donaldsons Beowulf Essay -- Donaldson Beowulf Essays

Donaldson's Beowulf "Fate often saves an undoomed man when his courage is good" -Beowulf (Donaldson, 12) The passage that I analyzed spans the action when Beowulf returns to the halls of Heorot after a harsh battle with Grendel’s mother. He returns to king Hrothgar in the great hall of Heorot to say that he has successfully completed his boast and killed Grendel’s mother. Beowulf states that it has been a very difficult underwater battle and that he has barely escaped with his life, â€Å"The fight would have been ended straightway if God had not guarded me† (Donaldson, 29). Beowulf mentions this due to the fact that the sword given to him by Unferth, called Hrunting, was powerless against Grendel’s Mother. Hrunting is useless against Grendel’s mother due to the fact that she has the same charm upon her as Grendel did, which is that no normal sword can pierce her skin. Then, by chance, Beowulf finds an ancient sword on a wall during the battle and uses it against the monster. This sword, which was crafted by the giants, is able to pierce th e monster's skin and after one swing, the monster was cut in half. After using this ancient sword to murder the monster, Beowulf watches the blade of the sword melt away due to the toxicity of the monster's blood, until only the hilt was left. A hilt is the handle of a weapon or tool. The hilt is decorated with runic symbols and was given to King Hrothgar of the Danes as proof of Beowulf’s exploits. The King is also given the severed head of Grendel as further reassurance that their troubles at the great hall of Heorot is over. Hrothgar then tells Beowulf, â€Å"Lo, this may one say who works truth and right for the folk, recalls all things far distant, an old guardian of ... ...th for his murders. Beowulf, who is also responsible for the killing of Grendel, is killed as well. The dragon and the trolls, as well as Beowulf, are responsible for their actions. They are all killed: â€Å"He would repay Grendel for the many attacks he made on the West-Danes . . . devouring Danish† (Donaldson 28). This is another example of â€Å"wergild† being applied. Wergild was a part of the warrior code. After the death of Aeschere, Hrothgar’s great advisor and friend, Beowulf says to his lord, â€Å"Sorrow not, wise warrior. It is better to avenge his friend than much mourn† (Donaldson 25). Beowulf was composed during the most noble of times and we enjoy it for what it is. The greatest treasure Beowulf has to offer us is the escape from our reality into our history. Work Cited Donaldson, E. Talbot. Beowulf. Ed. Nicholas Howe. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2002.

DBQ Essay: Green Revolution Essay

The researches that formed and became the Green Revolution changed the agricultural technologies of many places and peoples. The Green Revolution was an introduction of a new technology of scientifically bred crops that went worldwide. In 1945 the Green Revolution started as leaders addressed the issues of hunger and starvation with the Green Revolution as the solution, and although it helped many people at the time, the Green Revolution is debated today whether it environmentally crushed many societies or was a worldwide helpful event. The Green Revolution was caused by the people seeing their need to overcome starvation and advance technologically within their communities. In document 3 Harry Truman addresses the issue of poverty and starvation in other countries. He talks to the people that the United States should help them realize their aspirations for a better life through technological knowledge. This document is taken from Harry Truman’s inaugural address in Washington D.C., in 1949. His speech provides an insight into Truman’s deep concern for the people of the world and the evident need for a change. In document four Dr. Norman states that hunger is a serious issue and vital attribute to a country’s survival, and that the new technology of the Green Revolution could be the solution. This document is taken from the point of view of Dr. Norman Borlaug, a United States scientist involved in Green Revolution research, who is a Nobel Peace Prize winner at a Nobel Lecture in 1970. Dr. Norman is a very creditable source with his first hand knowledge of the Green Revolution. In document five Chidambaram, India’s minister for food and agriculture from 1964-1967, describes in his interview the farmers in Punjab and their role in starting the revolution there in attempt to save their people. The world at this time was desperate for a solution to their starvation problems and the Green Revolution was the solution. The Green Revolution obtained many beneficiaries of its easy and productive style. When examining the charts in documents one and two, coming from the very reliable source of Food and Agriculture Organizations of the Untied Nations (FAO), you see the substantial growth of wheat yields in India and Mexico, and the populations along with the food supply index. In document 6 there is  a conversation about the Mexicans and how they have chosen to use their riches benefitted from the Green Revolution. This document is written from Mrs. Dula’s opinionated point of view, a wife of a Mexican agricultural official. She condescendingly makes a remark about how the Mexican woman love to save the money, only to go out once a month to spend it all shopping in Tuscon. In document nine taken from the Human Development Report issued by the State of Punjab, India in 2004, it shows us the positive social effect that occurred there because of the Green Revolution. The caste system disappeared as the middle and peasantry classes arose because of farming. Also within the Punjab communities, the new lifestyle attained from the Green Revolution produced a more nuclear and close-knit family that benefited Punjab. The Green Revolution saved many from starvation, increased success in various places, and positively affected the societies. Alongside many benefits of the Green Revolution, some documents conclude many problems that negatively affected people who participated in the Green Revolution. In document seven, taken from the FAO newsletter circa 1987, the role of women is clearly shown to change within the household. Women now had to be forced into low paid or unpaid agricultural labors because of the increased needs for cash incomes. In document eight Dr. Vandana Shiva wrote in her article about how Punjab has suffered from the Green Revolution. Although Punjab is known as one of the most successful places because of the Green Revolution, she explains how two decades of the revolution have left them with conflict over diminishing wate r sources and indebted and discontented farmers. In document 10 the Mayans are largely saddened by the misuse of their precious seeds. The Green Revolution sterilized and contaminated the seeds that were a proud aspect of Mayan heritage, leaving the Mayans unhappy after standing firm defending the seeds after five thousand years. These negative effects of the Green Revolution stay with some places still today and are considered to have altered beautiful farming lands. The documents given gave an insight far into the Green Revolution and what really happened within the areas it took place, although other additional documents would be helpful as well. A document of a letter or interview of the farmers in Punjab at the time of the revolution would be helpful to clarify how the farmers felt about the work of the Revolution, if it was strenuous or simple. This would allow an accurate idea of how the revolution affected the people who made it  possible. Another document of journal or interview of an impoverished person within the places that starvation took hold would be helpful. This would allow insight on whether the countries really wanted the help of the Green Revolution, not just the acknowledgement by other countries, like in document three, of their impoverished state. The documents given about the Green Revolution provide evidence about the truth of the causes and consequences of it. The Green Revolution began in 1945 because of our realization of the issues that prevented countries from aspiring to their true potential, and with that acknowledgement the Green Revolution came into play as a hug advancement in agricultural technology that helped many people as it also negatively affected others. Whether the Green Revolution was good or bad for the areas it took hold in, its effects can be seen today and analyzed.

Business accounting Essay

M1: Analyse the cash flow problems a business might experience. For this task I will be writing to Alan Hall with an analysis of the problems in his cash flow statement. Dear Mr Hall,   I have made an analysis of your cash flow statement and am writing to you to inform you about all the problems I have identified Trends on the Net Cash Flow balances There are many trends within the cash flow statement such as the constant increase in advertising rates of  £175 up until September where it increases. It was wise to increase it more in Christmas, but this should’ve carried on into January as it is a new year and a time to sell off any stock that may have remained. The other problem I have identified within Alan halls cash flow statement is the Mortgage, which is fixed. This was wise to keep fixed as the business may not be able to afford any changes that may lead in an increase in cash outflow. I have identified a problem in thewages; the wages has increased twice In June. Both were increased in June, once by  £400 in the wages. The additional wages were increased by  £750, which makes a total of  £1050 increase in June which may be due to growth in employees. Most expenses are fixed such as rent, the expenses such as purchases and Advertisements are only rising immensely hence causing the closing balance to be negat ive despite the continuous rise in sales. The purchases are the main expenditure, which is huge area of concern, these needs to be looked into and controlled. The most common purchases are  £27,000 and the most expensive one  £44,000 hence needs to be looked into to find reasons why so changes can be made. There is a lump sum of  £9000 in the month of March, from a vehicle that was purchased. This lump sum causes the March closing balance to be a negative balance of  £ -2,645 causing the cash flow to have a bank overdraft. Negative Closing balances The closing balances were decent and positive until April where the closing balance became - £1,654. The reason for this may be the decrease in sales by  £2520 in March, despite there being an extra inflow from the bank and  savings of  £8000. The reason of there being a negative closing balance must be from the lump sum of  £9000 outflow, which was due to a vehicle purchase. The negative closing balance continues into the month of May despite there being a increase of  £6300 on sales, the negative closing balance remains due to the rise in purchases of  £4500. The negative closing balance becomes constant throughout the whole year and only gets higher despite the sales rising due to the expenses. The highest negative closing balance is in October of - £12730 despite there being high sales in September. The reason for this was again the increase in outflow of  £5760.

cavalry essays

cavalry essays Throughout time horses have played an important role in society. Since their first introduction, they have continued to prove that they are a valuable asset. The horse fulfilled this role durning the middle ages to almost a key, in both personal and state affiars. It was in state affairs during the middle ages that the Cavalry rose to become an important part of the battle stratagies of medieval commanders. The unit of choice went from Northren Europes intialy based infantry system into a largely dependent cavalary based system. During the cavalarys rain as quaterback of the medieval battlefield, it did not go through untouched, but took some setbacks from certian counter messures designed to combat cavalary . Despite these setbacks, the cavalary managed to maintian it's high level of importnace in medieval battle stratgy. The rise of the calavary in western Europe began for a number of a reasons that all happened around the same time. One of the most influintial of these events was the lose of the Franks to the Romans in 554 A.D. . This lose lead to an increase in the overall size of the average westren European cavalary . It was at this battle that the infantry based Franks faced a tough defeat at the hands of the Romans. The Romans of that day unlike their opponents had come to the battle field with a wide variety of tatical units at its disposal. The unit that proved to be the most effective of them all still was the cavalary, both that day in 554 A.D. and for many future days in European warfare . These horse and rider tandums of the Romans proved to be effective both as heavy cavalry, and mounted archers agianst the Frankish footmen. It was then after this deafeat during the sixth to ninth century that the number of cavalry units per solider in the Frankish military system began to inc rease. Not only were the Europeans at the time taking lessons from the Romans in the benifiets of a strong cavalry, ...

How to Conjugate Mentir (to Lie) in French

How to Conjugate Mentir (to Lie) in French The French verb  mentir  means to lie. While that may be relatively easy to remember, youll also want to know how to conjugate the verb. This will allow you to use it appropriately in the present, past, or future tense and form a complete sentence.  Mentir  is not the easiest conjugation, so be sure to find out the basic forms you need to know. Basic Conjugations of  Mentir Mentir is an irregular verb, which is what makes its conjugations a little more challenging than others. It doesnt follow a regular pattern in the infinitive endings, though most French verbs ending in -mir, -tir, or -vir are conjugated in the same way. You might find it helpful to study a few at once to make memorizing each a little easier. The imperative verb mood is used most often and allows you to express  mentir  in the present, future, and imperfect past tenses. Since it is irregular, you will notice that the verb stem- men-  - has some unusual endings in this chart. However, with enough practice, you can commit them to memory. Using the chart, match the subject pronoun to the appropriate tense for your sentence to find the correct conjugation. For example, I am lying is  je mens  and we lied is  nous mentions. Present Future Imperfect je mens mentirai mentais tu mens mentiras mentais il ment mentira mentait nous mentons mentirons mentions vous mentez mentirez mentiez ils mentent mentiront mentaient The Present Participle of  Mentir The present participle of mentir is produced by adding -ant to the verb stem. This gives you the word mentant. Mentir  in the Compound Past Tense In French, the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is a compound past tense. It is constructed by combining a present tense conjugate of the  auxiliary verb  avoir  with the  past participle  menti. For example, I lied is  jai menti  and we lied is  nous avons menti. More Simple Conjugations of  Mentir Beyond those basic conjugations, you may find yourself needing a few other forms of  mentir  at times. These can be rather useful if, for instance, the action of lying is uncertain, in which case youll use the subjunctive. Or, the lying may depend on something else, so the conditional can be used. On occasion, you may also encounter the passà © simple or the imperfect subjunctive. Yet, these are rarely used so they do not have to be a priority in your studies. Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je mente mentirais mentis mentisse tu mentes mentirais mentis mentisses il mente mentirait mentit mentà ®t nous mentions mentirions mentà ®mes mentissions vous mentiez mentiriez mentà ®tes mentissiez ils mentent mentiraient mentirent mentissent With  mentir  you will find  the imperative  form  useful for short commands. When using it, skip the subject pronoun: use  mens  rather than  tu mens. Imperative (tu) mens (nous) mentons (vous) mentez

BA interior design thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

BA interior design - Thesis Example for traffic signals we have light as the signal, in our cars, we have lights for every signal, if there’s something wrong with the engine then a certain light starts blinking to make us aware of the fault. Today, our world is relying on lights, if we see cities & suburbs both are dependent on lights & their effects. Lights are used to show an airplane where the landing strip is, lights are used in light houses to show ships where land is. We see uses of lights wherever we see. With the pros of lights we are definitely facing some cons as well, the biggest of them is wastage of useful energy, so Scientists today are working hard to come up with ways to reduce energy & at the same time get proper lighting effects, how we can do that is a different science in itself. Now we see that usage of Energy Saver bulbs is spreading everywhere because they consume less energy but at the same time give equal amount of light which is required. We also need to designs rooms in a way that light goes to all places of room at the same time we also need to make sure that areas where we don’t want the light to go are the ones where light doesn’t fall. Where we place the light bulb or source of light is also very important in this regard. If the lighting is done properly then it will give pleasant effect to anyone entering the room and if its not done properly then it’ll be stressful for eyes. This thesis will focus on the trend of lighting design as how lights should be placed, what can be some alternatives of energy; The influence or impact to our environment; And light sustainability. At the same time we also need to achieve the right balance between visual comfort, energy saving, function and aesthetic into the design. A building which stores collection of objects for inspection, study or enjoyment is called a museum. The origin of museums, however, dates back to almost two thousand years when the agile goddesses watched over the welfare of the epic, music, romantic

Macro1.2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Macro1.2 - Essay Example That is, if it is taking place on the production side or the consumption side. Where there spillover benefits occur as a result of production, there is either overproduction or underproduction. In case of underproduction, there is need to boost production and this can be achieved through provision of subsidies in order to encourage firms to produce more. In case of overproduction, the firms’ potential is high and resources available for production meet an output that exceeds the actual demand. To correct this, the firms would have to be taxed more in order to make the production process expensive, bringing down the level of produced output in the firms. Access to public television is not prohibited to any individual. All those who consume the benefits that come with the good have not necessarily paid for it. On the same note, if there are costs needed for upgrading or improved the premises form where the television is watched from, not every person will take part in that initiative. In this case, where there are costs or benefits attached to that good, there are consumers who do not take part in any activity that pertains to the provision of that good, whether they enjoy it or not. Government expenditure for goods and services is defined by the level of government spending on public goods and services. The government provides to the society goods and services that cannot be provided through the market mechanism sue to problems of externalities. Goods and services bought by the government for to benefit the society as well as government investments in the various sectors of the economy constitute government expenditure. Government expenditure is financed by taxes, returns on government investments, revenues from state owned enterprises, donations and borrowing from individuals, groups of people, financial institutions, Central Bank and from other countries (Gupta, Mandal & Gupta, 2008). Examples of government

How Babies Learn Language Compared to How Adults Learn a Second Essay

How Babies Learn Language Compared to How Adults Learn a Second Language - Essay Example They further expand on these skills through imaginary play and through their perception of audio around them, as has been stated (Berk 2004). There is no extraordinary difference here then in regards to how adults being learning a second language as they hone in on their audio perception as well and gradually sound out new words from how they are hearing them formed in their social environment and through educators as well. Babies develop what sociologists and psychologists term as, "private speech" (Berk 2004). Even adults do this when they are learning a second language, and younger children do it when they are engaging in all sorts of activities such as building blocks, art and drawing, fantasy play, and in many other personal areas as well. For example, when adults are learning a second language, often when they are in the privacy of their car or at home they speak the new vocabulary words to themselves, sounding them out and testing themselves to see if they can pronunciate them properly. In Berk's book (2004) some sociologists define how children and adults utilize private speech when they are faced with issues that are relative to their cognitive abilities or issues that promote social challenges as learning language definitely would do. So obviously the correlation between the development of babies, young children, and adults who are learning a second language is absolutely obvious. The cognitive technique is identical yet is just approached in different ways at various stages of life. Therefore, for babies and toddlers, private speech is simply their way of vocalizing their developing cognitive skills. For example, the cooing that babies do early on such as when they are between 1month to 6 months later develops into actual pronunciated words, the first being ma-ma normally then da-da. Sociologists therefore point out that every stage of life is a developmental form of learning, even in adult life (Berker 2004). Liebergott et al (1995) points out that although th e language skills of infants in their first year of life is usually indiscernible it is still considered to be the most important year of cognitive development for babies, especially in regards to communication skills. This is due to the fact that this first year lays the groundwork for future cognitive learning abilities and the verbal sounds that infants hear during this first year and develop are then enhanced upon and developed into actual vocabulary words. Again, the similarity of adults learning a second language is astonishingly similar to the beginnings of vocabulary of that of an infant. This is because adults have to learn how to speak all over again, just in a secondary fashion. So adults, listen, observe and interact with others to develop the necessary cognitive skills to speak the second language fluidly just as infants follow the same developmental phases of their learning processes to develop their initial language abilities. Libergott et al (1995) emphasizes that the interactions between the mother and the infant in regards to vocalizing needs and wants is what helps build on the

The marketing plan on levemir

The marketing plan on levemir The marketing plan on levemir 1.0 Executive Summary The marketing plan on Levemir for the Indian market presents the approach to increase market share of Levemir in basal analogue to 50% and in the basal insulin categories to 30% by 2012. We think that this target is achievable because of improving economy, market growth and our competitive advantage. In doing so we would retard the growth of Lantus and upgrade our existing patients on Insulatard (basal human insulin) to Levemir and would position Levemir the preferred basal insulin of choice for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. 2.0 Corporate Vision We will be the worlds leading diabetes care company. We will offer products and services in other areas where we can make a difference. We will achieve competitive business results A job here is never just a job Our values are expressed in all our actions Our history tells us, it can be done There was no mission statement but Novo Nordisk (NN) had the vision statement as mentioned above. Ideally a mission statement should cover the firms priorities in terms of customer focus, value provided, market scope, guiding values and core competencies. The vision statement of NN is fair enough to clarify all these aspects, may be they could have added or modified more about their core competencies. 3.0 Current Marketing Situation Information about Indian Pharmaceutical, Diabetes Care and Insulin market is described in the appendix p 24. 3.1 The Basal Insulin Insulin Analogue Market The insulin analogue market is growing at 27%, predominantly contributed by the multinational pharmaceutical firms including NN, Eli Lilly and Sanofi-Aventis (fig 1). NN is leading the insulin analogue market with 54% market share followed by Eli Lilly and Sanofi-Aventis (fig 2). Figure 1: Insulin Analogue Market Growth Figure 2: Insulin Analogue Market Share Basal Insulin market can be categorised as animal, human and analogues and it offers a total market of Rs.58 crores and growing at 57%. In terms of volumes the total basal market is 810.4 million units (MU) and NN is the market leader in this segment with 46% market share. However, this share is largely because of high contributions coming from human basal. In the category of basal analogue, Sanofi-Aventis is a clear leader with ~77% market share and NN with 23% market share (fig 3). The key market insights from the basal analogue segment are as follows: The total basal analogue is worth Rs. 58 crores Lantus (insulin glargine): Rs. 45 crores Levemir (insulin detemir): Rs. 13 crores Lantus has ~77% market share and Levemir has 23% market share. Figure 3: Basal Insulin Analogue Value Market Share 3.2 Internal Sales Trend Total sales in 2007 and 2008 were Rs. 309 crs (23.6% growth) and Rs. 363 crs (17.5% growth) respectively. With respect to Levemir, sales were Rs. 8.88 crs (94% growth) and Rs. 16 crs (81%) in 2007 and 2008 respectively. The sale of Levemir until YTD November 2009 is 28 crores. The planned growth for Levemir next year (2010) would be 70%. Introduction of Levemir PenFill will further strengthen Levemirs stand against Lantus. 3.3 External Environment India is a growing economy with a stable government and Indian Pharmaceutical Market is also growing rapidly at 15%. Moreover, India has the highest number of diabetes population (51 million) in the world and is growing with westernization. Hence, its a dream of every Pharmaceutical company with diabetes products to be present in India. High market attractiveness and no barriers to entry so number of players in diabetes and insulin are growing. NN is focussed in shifting the patients to insulin analogues from human insulins as the analogue market has barriers to entry due to patents in place, less competition, no price war and has high profit margin. It is discussed in detail in the appendix p 27. 3.4 Market Size (Patient Population) India has the worlds largest population of people with diabetes, with an estimated 51 million people suffering from the disease. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), India is expected to have 87 million people ailing from diabetes by 2030. India is considered as the diabetes capital of the world with a patient population of more than 50 million. Diabetes strikes the Indian population a decade earlier than the west. The reasons for the pandemic are attributed to genetic predisposition, changing lifestyle and urbanization. Treatment data (Table 1) suggests that out of 51 million, only 13 million people are diagnosed with diabetes but only: 7 million people are on medication Only 1.7 million are on insulin alone or in combination with OADs 3.5 Competitor Mapping Analysis The main competitors for NN India are: Eli Lily Sanofi-Aventis Wockhardt Biocon USV 3.6 Novo Nordisk SWOT Analysis (Internal Audit) Table 4: NN in the insulin market Strengths Diabetes is the core focus since 1920s esp. Insulin therapy Strong RD Well established in Indian market Developed the insulin market in india Continuous innovations Strong partnership with the Key Opinion Leaders in diabetes Large sales force > 500 dedicated for insulin products Weaknesses Lantus was the first basal analogue to launch in India, Levemir is not able to grow faster Higher attrition rate in the sales force Products are costly Opportunities India is the diabetes capital of the world with 51 million diabetic population Huge market for growth Develop the analogue market Threats Entry of local players Lantus patent expired launch of biosimilars, price cutting New therapeutic product launch such as GLP-1 analogues, DPP-IV inhibitors 3.7 Growth Strategy As per the Ansoffs matrix, NN is developing a new market for analogues. Hence, it is in the market development phase. As the human insulin market is crowded by generic players and more local players are entering due to market attractiveness and no barriers to entry, NN is focussing on creating and developing a new insulin analogue market so that the patients can be shifted to insulin analogues. The model is depicted pictorially in the appendix p34. 3.8 Portfolio Analysis Among the various diabetes care products, the insulin analogues including NovoMix, Levemir and NovoRapid are growing very fast and star as per the matrix. The human insulins (Mixtard, Actrapid Insulatard) are cash cows. The only OAD of NN is in the Dog stage and this maybe due to that we are not focusing in this product as we want to grow the insulin analogue market. As per NN strategy, we want to develop the analogue market, hence heavy investment and more noise level would be the key to our success. 4.0 Marketing Objectives Levemir the preferred basal insulin of choice for the treatment of both type 1 2 diabetes. Acceptance of Levemir as once-daily insulin by the doctors. To increase the value market share of Levemir in basal analogue category to 50% in next 3 years. To achieve a value market share of 30% in the basal human insulin category by 2012. To make Levemir a 30 crores brand by 2012. To launch Levemir Penfills by March 2010. To counter the growth of Lantus. To upgrade 50% of the patients on Insulatard (human insulin) to Levemir by 2012 To increase NovoRapid sales by copromotion with Levemir. 5.0 Marketing Strategy The complete range of insulin analogues, along with various delivery devices, in the Indian diabetes care market will be available only from NN. With NovoMix we will drive the analogue category in India which is predominantly a premix market (~80%). Levemir will be a part of this intensive offering, to shake up the market share occupied by Lantus. Being the only company with a full analogue portfolio, gives us the ability to initiate people with diabetes on a full analogue basal oral regimen. Levemir would be placed in the minds of the customers as the basal insulin of choice for intensive treatment for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In both type 1 and type 2 patients, Levemir will be a once daily dose available in FlexPen. 5.1 Segmentation Prescribing doctors were divided into different categories on the basis of their prescription behaviour, qualification and influence on other peers, society or key decision maker in large institutions of repute (table 6). Prescription pattern was found out by market research (external agency) and internal data obtained from the sales team. The number of sales call, expenditure on the Dr for research purpose, international sponsorships, exposure to international forums and advisory board membership would vary for each category of physician. Levemir prescription would be generated primarily from the A and B class doctor. Hence, segmentation will help the sales force to focus better on the key customers and less cannibalisation into premix analogue segment. 5.2 Targeting Patients: Levemir will be targeted at the following categories of patients: Type 1 Diabetes: For intensive control Type 2 Diabetes: For patients on basal-oral therapy The main patient benefit will be improved control and safety coupled with no undesirable weight gain compared to Insulatard and Lantus. These benefits will be offered together with a far superior delivery device the FlexPen. Majority of the patients will come from basal-bolus to Levemir. As can be seen from the figure 5, 40% of the patients will come from basal-bolus therapy followed by basal only (20%). It will be important to focus on these two segments to ensure rapid market penetration. Prescribers: Levemir will be targeted at the following categories of doctors and prescribers (table 7): The target doctors for Levemir will be Diabetologists, Endocrinologists, Cardiologists and Physicians particularly Lantus prescribers. Key customers are described in detail in appendix p32. 5.3 Positioning The product proposition or the key to owning the positioning in the doctors mind is based on better glycaemic control and positive differentiation of Levemir over both Insulatard and Lantus. The positioning line for Levemir in India will be as follows: Add Levemir once-daily, reduce weight gain Weight neutrality assists the physician to achieve optimal control with fewer hypoglycaemic episodes and no undesirable weight gain. Levemir once-daily with OADs has to be ingrained in the doctors mind. Key messages: The key messages will aim to reinforce good glycaemic control and weight neutrality would be the key differentiator from Lantus: Weight neutral property Good glycaemic control with once-daily dosing with OADs. Controlling Diabesity leads to better quality of life and safety Levemir together with NovoRapid and NovoMix 30 are the only insulin analogues available in the advanced delivery system the FlexPen. Ultimate Control Key Messages are described in detail in the appendix p 35. 5.4 Critical Success Factors To block the growth of Lantus that has now been in the market for over 5 years Manage neutralize the entry of newer players such as Apidra (Sanofi) and Glargine from Wockhardt and Biocon. Ability of NN field force to effectively create awareness and brand acceptability for Levemir among prescribers will be crucial in establishing Levemirs position in the market. The benefits of basal-oral in type 2 and basal-bolus therapy in type 1 patients will have to clearly emerge. This will help in reinforcing the benefits of Levemir and strengthening the brand among the doctor and patient communities. Acceptance of the price point by the prescriber and the purchaser/ patient is critical for Levemir to gain prescriptions as well as market shares. Clear targeting of Levemir to Class A B doctors. Successful launch of Levemir Penfills in March 2010. 6.0 Marketing Mix 6.1 Product Levemir is a solution for injection that contains the active substance insulin detemir. It is available in pre-filled pens (FlexPen). Levemir is used to treat adults, adolescents and children over the age of six years who have diabetes. The medicine can only be obtained with a prescription. Levemir is imported to India from the manufacturing plant in Copenhagen (Denmark). Levemir is an insulin analogue prescribed to patients with diabetes for meeting the basal insulin requirement. Other insulin analogues of NN are NovoRapid and NovoMix 30. All the insulin analogues including Levemir are patented product of NN. 6.1.1 Product Life Cycle Management Source: mbarreiro.wordpress.com/ Levemir was launched in May 2006 in the Indian market. Levemir was second to Lantus in basal insulin analogue category in India. Although Levemir is 3 years old in Indian market, still it has not grown as expected compared to the global market. As per the product life cycle graph, Levemir is in the initial part of growth phase, needs more attention and intensive promotion to reach the peak. Hence the focus will be on the single biggest benefit of Levemir i.e. Less undesired weight gain and Once-daily therapy with OADs in all our communications. This will ensure that Levemirs key differentiator of Weight Advantage is completely understood and appreciated by the prescriber base. The integration of Levemir with NovoRapid will be extremely important to establish Levemir as the key part of basal-bolus therapy. This will be achieved with joint promotion and communication activities with NovoRapid with the key objective being the importance of basal-bolus therapy in the proper treatment of diabetes. Strong brand showcasing in all reputed diabetes journals, conferences and meetings with leading Key Opinion Leaders endorsements will be the key to success of Levemir so that Levemir reaches the peak of growth phase. 6.2 Price Pricing in India has to be extremely competitive as it is a very price sensitive market. Pricing here follows certain regulatory procedures. Since insulin falls under the price controlled drugs and pharmaceutical products category there is a maximum selling price which needs to be approved from the pricing authority NPPA (National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority). They would evaluate the recommendation on the following parameters: Affordability for the masses and criticality of making this product available to all if Life saving (Insulin comes under this category). Manufacturing cost the pharmaceutical company claims to incur Competitive pricing Post this NPPA gives clear approval based on which a license to market is procured. The following price was approved by NPPA after our recommendation. Product Type MRP (Rs) Levemir FlexPen 988 NN is a market leader in diabetes market globally including India and is known for its strong research and development activities. Levemir is an innovative patented product; the pricing is based on the value perceived by the customers (doctors). The pricing decision has also been done taking into account on the price of the competitor that existed during launch, Lantus Optiset Pen (MRP = Rs 801). 6.3 Promotion NN would adopt both Push strategy and Pull strategy as promotional tools. The Push strategy would be through promotional activities target at the prescribers (doctors), whereas the Pull strategy would be through increasing awareness of the end consumer (diabetic patients) about good glycaemic control, less undesired weight gain, less hypoglycaemia and easy to use insulin pens. Advertising Sales Promotion Public Relations Personal Selling Sampling The promotional tools are described in detail in the appendix p35. 6.4 Place Distribution channel structure: Levemir will be distributed via wholesalers through our channel partner M/S. Abbott India Limited. There will be no change in the distribution channel for Levemir. We will focus on Metros and larger cities to gain market volumes. Levemir will be made available in select retail outlets. The pharmaceutical distribution channel in India is described pictorially in figure 7. Figure 7: The Pharmaceutical Distribution Channel in India Note Figures in %age indicate %age of medicines supplied to the entity Acknowledgement: I am grateful to Mr Devdutt Dash, Senior Product Manager Levemir, Novo Nordisk India for providing the market data on Indian Pharmaceutical Industry, Diabetes Care, Insulin Insulin analogues and internal sales data of NN, Levemir and Lantus. 7.0 References and Bibliography 1. Kotler, P, Armstrong, G, Wong, V Saunders, J. ed. 2008. Principles of Marketing. Pearson Education Ltd: Prentice Hall. 2. mbarreiro.wordpress.com/ 3. Roger, J. B. 2nd ed. 2000. Market-Based Management: Strategies for Growing Customer Value and Profitability, (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall), p.127. 4. tutor2u.net/business/strategy/ansoff_matrix.htm 5. Wood, M.B. ed. 2007. Essential guide to marketing planning. Pearson Education Ltd: Prentice Hall. 6. www.financialexpress.com//indias-gdp200910/435703/ 7. www.IDF.org 8. www.novonordisk.com